NOTES
Page 46 of 46
1. Henceforth referred to as the B and B Commission. [Back]
2. See judgments A.G. Quebec v. Quebec Association of Protestant School Boards, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 66; Ford v. A.G. Quebec [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712; Devine v. Quebec (A.G.), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790; Entreprises W.F.H. Ltée v. Quebec (A.G.), [2001] R.J.Q. 2557 (C.A.).[Back]
3. R. Y. Bourhis and D. E. Marshall, “The United States and Canada” in Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, edited by J. A. Fishman, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 261.[Back]
4. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2004, Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, New York, 2004.[Back]
5. The Web site for the Court Challenges Program is www.ccppcj.ca/e/ccp.shtml
.[Back]
6. R. v. Forest, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712.[Back]
7. R. v. Mercure, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 234.[Back]
8. Mahé v. Alberta, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 342.[Back]
9. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Government Transformations: The Impact on Canada’s Official Languages Program, Ottawa, 1998.[Back]
10. R. v. Beaulac, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 768.[Back]
11. Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island, [2000] 1 S.C.R. 3.[Back]
12. Mahé v. Alberta, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 342.[Back]
13. Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education), [2003] 3 S.C.R. 3. [Back]
14. L. Marmen and J. P. Corbeil, Languages in Canada, 2001 Census, Ottawa, Canadian Heritage (New Canadian Perspectives) and Statistics Canada, 2004, p. 47.[Back]
15. L. Marmen and J. P. Corbeil, Languages in Canada, 2001 Census 2004, p. 3.[Back]
16. L. Marmen and J. P. Corbeil, Languages in Canada, 2001 Census 2004, p. 140.[Back]
17. R. Lachapelle and J. Henripin, The Demolinguistic Situation in Canada: Past Trends and Future Prospects, Montréal, Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1980, p. 333.[Back]
18. L. Marmen and J. P. Corbeil, Languages in Canada, 2001 Census 2004, p. 55.[Back]
19. The Web site for Canadian Parents for French is http://www.cpf.ca/eng/home.html [Back]
20. The Web site for Katimavik is www.katimavik.org [Back]
21. The Web site for Exchanges Canada is http://exchanges.gc.ca/index.php/eng/p200902191153.html
[Back]
22. The Web site for Young Canada Works is www.pch.gc.ca/special/ycw-jct/html/welcome_e.htm [Back]
23. The Web site for the CMEC’s official language programs for youth is nullhttp://www.cmec.ca/Programs/ol/Pages/default.aspx [Back]
24. Mountain Equipment Co-op, Le petit MEC. Montréal, Éditions Carte blanche, 2004.[Back]
25. Address to the Vision and Challenges for the 21st Century: Symposium on Official Languages, Toronto, March 2004.[Back]
26. A. Parkin and A. Turcotte, Bilingualism: Part of our Past or Part of our Future? The CRIC Papers, No. 13, Ottawa, Centre for Research and Information on Canada, March 2004. [Back]
27. S. Moscovici, Social Influence and Social Change, London/New York, Academic Press, 1976.[Back]
28. W. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular. Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 275.[Back]
29. J. Y. Thériault (ed.), Francophones minoritaires au Canada : l’état des lieux, Moncton, Éditions d’Acadie, 1999.[Back]
30. Fédération des francophones hors Québec, The Heirs of Lord Durham, Ottawa, 1977.[Back]
31. Fédération des francophones hors Québec, Face to Face with a Failing Country: New Association for the Two Founding Peoples, Ottawa, 1979.[Back]
32. G. Stevenson, Community Besieged: the Anglophone Minority and the Politics of Quebec, Montréal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999.[Back]
33. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community, Commissioner of Official Languages, Ottawa, 2004, p. 45.[Back]
34. M. J. Norris and L. Jantzen, From Generation to Generation: Survival and Maintenance of Canada’s Aboriginal Languages Within Families, Communities and Cities, 1996, Ottawa, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and Canadian Heritage, January 2004. On-line: http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/ra/fgg/index_e.html [Back]
35. Canada. A Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Ottawa, 1965, p. 119.[Back]
36. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: the Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community, 2004, p. 19.[Back]
37. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration 2004, Ottawa, 2004.Online: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/immigration2004.asp [Back]
38. Idea and argument put forward by C. Bernier, “Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est une idée… ” Canadian Diversity/Diversité canadienne, 3:2, spring 2004.[Back]
39. The Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217 specifically mentions four fundamental and organizing principles of the Canadian Constitution: democracy, rule of law, federalism, and respect for minorities.[Back]
40. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Book III: The Work World. Ottawa, Queen’s Printer, 1969, p. 374. [Back]
41. See overview by J. Robichaud, “Le bilinguisme dans l’administration fédérale du Canada (1969–1982),” Les Cahiers du droit, 24:1, March 1983. [Back]
42. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Government Transformations: The Impact on Canada’s Official Languages Program, Ottawa, 1998.[Back]
43. Chartier, Richard (Judge), Above All, Common Sense: Report and Recommendations on French Language Services Within the Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Government of Manitoba, May 1998.[Back]
44. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, The Single Window Networks of the Government of Canada, Ottawa, 2003.[Back]
45. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, National Report on Service to the Public in English and French: Time for a Change in Culture, Ottawa, 2001.[Back]
46. Doucet v. Canada, [2004] F.C. 1444.[Back]
47. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Book III: The Work World, 1969, pp. 101–102, 118.[Back]
48. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Walking the Talk. Language of Work in the Federal Public Service, Ottawa, 2004.[Back]
49. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Making It Real: Promoting Respectful Co-existence of the Two Official Languages at Work. Ottawa, 2005.[Back]
50. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Walking the Talk: Language of Work in the Federal Public Service, Ottawa, 2004.[Back]
51. Federal administration includes the Public Service and all federal agencies for which the Treasury Board is not the employer (for example, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police).[Back]
52. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community, 2004, p. 51.[Back]
53. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Annual Report 2003–2004, Ottawa, 2004, p. 84.[Back]
54. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, A Blueprint or Action: Implementing Part VII of the Official Languages Act, 1988, Ottawa, 1996; Commissioner of Official Languages, Government Transformations: The Impact on Canada’s Official Languages Program, Ottawa, 1998.[Back]
55. See the judgment Forum des maires de la Péninsule acadienne v. Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) 2004 FCA 263.[Back]
56. The Web site for Intergovernmental Francophone Affairs is www.afi-ifa.ca [Back]
57. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Cost Impact of Two-Language Packaging and Labelling on Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses in Canada, Special Study, Ottawa, February 1997.[Back]
58. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. General Introduction and Book I: The Official Languages, Ottawa, 1967, p. 118.[Back]
59. National Capital Act, 1985, 10 (1)(b).[Back]
60. Accenture, 2004 News Releases: Governments Must Find New Ways to Encourage Citizen Take-Up of eGovernment. On-line:
http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=4100 [Back]
61. The Strategis Web site is www.strategis.gc.ca [Back]
62. The Culture.ca Web site is www.culture.ca [Back]
63. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, The Government of Canada and French on the Internet, Special Study, Ottawa, August 1999; French on the Internet: Key to the Canadian Identity and the Knowledge Economy, Ottawa, 2002; Official Language Requirements and Government On-Line, Ottawa, 2002.[Back]
64. L. Sabourin, La dualité culturelle dans les activités internationales du Canada, Documents of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Ottawa, 1970.[Back]
65. Speech from the Throne of October 5, 2004, and Response by the Prime Minister on October 6, 2004. Speech by Prime Minister Paul Martin to the United Nations on September 24, 2004.[Back]
66. Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pierre Pettigrew, on October 24, 2004, in Gatineau.[Back]
67. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Doorway to the World. Linguistic Duality in Canada’s International Relations, 2004.[Back]
68. Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pierre Pettigrew, on October 24, 2004, in Gatineau.[Back]
69. M. Bastarache, “Quelques réflexions sur le bijuridisme et son rapport avec le bilinguisme et le biculturalisme,” address to the Canadian Bar Association, Quebec Section, in Montréal on April 22, 1998.[Back]
70. V. Gruben, “Bilingualism and the Judicial System,” in M. Bastarache, (ed.), Language Rights in Canada 2004, p. 195.[Back]
71. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, The Equitable Use of French and English Before the Courts in Canada, Study, Ottawa, November 1995.[Back]
72. R. v. Beaulac, [1999] 1 S.C.R. 768, para. 22.[Back]
73. PGF/GTA Consultants, Environmental Scan: Access to Justice in Both Official Languages. Report submitted to the Department of Justice, Ottawa, July 2002. On-line: www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/franc/enviro/toc.html [Back]
74. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, The Equitable Use of French and English Before the Courts in Canada, Study, 1995; Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, The Equitable Use of French and English Before Federal Courts and Administrative Tribunals Exercising Quasi-Judicial Powers, Special Study, Ottawa, 1999.[Back]
75. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community, 2004, p. 46.[Back]
76. J. Pariseau and S. Bernier, French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Armed Forces, Volume 1, Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada, 1987, p. 16.[Back]
77. J. Pariseau and S. Bernier, French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Armed Forces, Volume 2, Ottawa, Supply and Services Canada, 1991, pp. 116–117.[Back]
78. Doucet v. Canada, [2004] F.C. 1444.[Back]
79. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Book II: Education, Ottawa, 1968, Chapter III.[Back]
80. M. D. Behiels, Canada’s Francophone Minority Communities. Constitutional Renewal and the Winning of School Governance, Montréal/Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004.[Back]
81. A.G. (Que.) v. Quebec Protestant School Boards, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 66.[Back]
82. Mahé v. Alberta, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 342; Reference on the Public Schools Act (Man.), [1993] 1 S.C.R. 839; Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island, [2000] 1 S.C.R. 3.[Back]
83. This condition does not apply to Quebec.[Back]
84. A. Martel, Rights, Schools and Communities in Minority Contexts: 1986–2002, Ottawa, Commissioner of Official Languages, 2002.[Back]
85. R. Landry, Libérer le potentiel caché de l’exogamie. Profil démolinguistique des enfants ayants des droits francophones selon la structure familiale. Study conducted for the Commission nationale des parents francophones, Moncton, Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities, October 2003.[Back]
86. R. Landry, Libérer le potentiel caché de l’exogamie 2003.[Back]
87. The guide I’m with you is available on-line: www.fpfa.ab.ca/ressources/g-withyou.html[Back]
88. Government of Quebec, Task Force on English-Language Education in Quebec (Chambers Report), February 5, 1992.[Back]
89. J. Jedwab, The Chambers Report, Ten Years After: The State of English Language Education in Quebec, 1992–2002, Montréal, The Missisquoi Institute, January 2002.[Back]
90. See Solski (tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2005, SCC 14 (also known as Casimir). Also, in the case of Gosselin (tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2005, SCC 15, the Supreme Court found that the position of the appellants—who demanded unrestricted access to Anglophone minority schools—would in practice transform these schools into immersion institutions, thus jeopardizing the attainment of the objectives under section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, intended to enhance the vitality of official language minority communities.[Back]
91. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community, 2004, pp. 29–31.[Back]
92. The Distance Education and Community Network Web site is www.decn.qc.ca [Back]
93. For background on Francophone school boards by province, visit the Web site of the Fédération nationale des conseils scolaires francophones: www.fncsf.ca [Back]
94. The Commissioner of Official Languages has published two studies by A. Martel: Official Language Minority Education Rights in Canada: From Instruction to Management, Ottawa, 1991, and Rights, School and Communities in Minority Contexts: 1986–2002. Toward the Development of French Through Education, Ottawa, 2001.[Back]
95. R. Landry. Libérer le potentiel caché de l’exogamie 2003, p. 17.[Back]
96. Commission nationale des parents francophones. Position des parents francophones en situation minoritaire relative au projet de système national de garde d’enfants, November 25, 2004. On line: cnpf.ca/documents/POSITION_DPE2.pdf [Back]
97. Commission nationale des parents francophones, Partir en français. Plan national d’appui à la petite enfance francophone, Ottawa, June 2003. On-line: cnpf.ca/documents/Plan_-_Partir_en_francais.pdf [Back]
98. Fédération nationale des conseils scolaires francophones, Stratégie pour compléter le système d’éducation en français langue première au Canada. Report by the Steering Committee on the inventory of needs in Francophone school boards in Canada, Ottawa, October 2004. On-line: www.fncsf.ca [Back]
99. A process that served to expand on the brainstorming around full implementation of section 23 of the Charter that was initiated by the Commissioner in September 2002.[Back]
100. The Web site for the CMEC’s official language programs is www.cmec.ca/olp [Back]
101. T. Skutnabb-Kangas, “Education of Minorities,” Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, edited by J. A. Fishman, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.[Back]
102. The Quebec government plans to begin English as a second language courses in grade one as of 2006.[Back]
103. Statistics Canada, Profile of Languages in Canada: English, French and Many Others. 2001 Census: “Analysis” series, Ottawa, (Catalogue: 96F0030XIF2001005), p. 33. The Society for the Promotion of the Teaching of English as a Second Language in Quebec has made a considerable contribution. On-line: speaq.qc.ca [Back]
104. Canadian Heritage. Plan 2013. Strategies for a National Approach in Second Language Education. Ottawa, April 30, 2004.[Back]
105. The Web site for the Réseau des cégeps et des collèges francophones du Canada is www.rccfc.ca [Back]
106. Quebec Community Groups Network, Suggesting Change. The Situation of the English-Speaking Minority of Quebec and Proposals for Change. Report to Minister Stéphane Dion, President of the Privy Council and Minister for Intergovernmental Affairs, June 12, 2002. On-line: www.westquebecers.com/docs/nov26-2002_press.shtml [Back]
107. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Going Forward: The Evolution of Quebec’s English-Speaking Community[…] 2004, p. 40; J. Jedwab, Diversity of the University: the Changing Composition of Quebec’s Institutions of Higher Education, 1999–2003, Montréal, Association for Canadian Studies, 2004. [Back]
108. The Web site for the Association des universités de la francophonie canadienne is www.aufc.ca [Back]
109. Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Book III: The Work World […], 1969, p. 26.[Back]
110. M. O’Keefe, Francophone Minorities: Assimilation and Community Vitality, Ottawa, Canadian Heritage (New Canadian Perspectives), 2001 (2nd edition).[Back]
111. Data obtained from the Department of Canadian Heritage (February 23, 2005).[Back]
112. Bourgeois, Daniel. Vers la pleine gestion scolaire francophone en milieu minoritaire. Report based on a study by the Fédération nationale des conseils scolaires francophones. Moncton, Institut canadien de recherche sur les minorités linguistiques, October 2004.[Back]
113. The Web site for the Réseau d’enseignement francophone à distance du Canada is: www.refad.ca [Back]
114. Public Service Commission of Canada, 25 Years of Innovation in Language Training, Ottawa, 1990.[Back]
115. Letter from the Commissioner to Lucienne Robillard, Treasury Board President, on the modernization of human resources management and official languages, September 12, 2001.[Back]
116. Canada, Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage, Our Cultural Sovereignty. The Second Century of Canadian Broadcasting, Ottawa, House of Commons, June 2003.[Back]
117. M. Filion, Radiodiffusion et société distincte. Des origines de la radio jusqu’à la Révolution tranquille au Québec, Laval, Méridien, 1994, p. 141.[Back]
118. Canada, A Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1965, pp. 71–73.[Back]
119. Reported in: Canada, Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage, Our Cultural Sovereignty. The Second Century of Canadian Broadcasting […] 2003, pp. 771–773.[Back]
120. Testimony by the Commissioner of Official Languages before the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage on April 9, 2002. On-line: www.parl.gc.ca/committee/CommitteePublication.aspx?SourceId=15666 [Back]
121. F. Harvey (ed.), Médias francophones hors Québec et identité : analyses, essais et témoignages, Quebec, Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1992, p. 18.[Back]
122. Canada, Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage, Our Cultural Sovereignty. The Second Century of Canadian Broadcasting […] 2003, p. 332.[Back]
123. The Web site for the Alliance des radios communautaires du Canada is www.radiorfa.com [Back]
124. Testimony by the Commissioner of Official Languages before the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage on April 9, 2002. On-line: www.parl.gc.ca/committee/CommitteePublication.aspx?SourceId=15666 [Back]
125. The Web site for the Alliance de la presse francophone is www.apf.ca [Back]
126. The Web site for the Quebec Community Newspapers Association is www.qcna.org [Back]
127. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Use of the Official Language Minority Press by Federal Institutions: Follow-Up Study, Ottawa, 2005.[Back]
128. Statistics Canada, Government Expenditures on Culture: Data Tables, Ottawa, January 2005. On-line: www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/87F0001XIE/87F0001XIE2005001.htm [Back]
129. V. Singh, Economic Contribution of Culture in Canada, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 2004, p. 15. On-line: http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/81-595-MIE/81-595-MIE2004023.pdf [Back]
130. V. Singh, Economic Contribution of Culture in Canada, Ottawa, 2004, p. 9.[Back]
131. Statistics Canada, Culture Trade and Investment Project 2002, Ottawa, November 2003. On-line:
www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/87-007-XIE/culture.htm [Back]
132. The Web site for the Fédération culturelle canadienne-française is www.fccf.ca [Back]
133. The Web site for Zof is www.zof.ca [Back]
134. The Web site for the English-Language Arts Network is www.quebec-elan.org [Back]
135. Lalonde v. Ontario (Health Services Restructuring Commission) (2001) 56 O.R. (3d) 577, par. 181.[Back]
136. Consultative Committee for French-Speaking Minority Communities, Report to the Federal Minister of Health, Ottawa, September 2001. On-line: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/olcdb-baclo/cccfsm/cccfsm_e.pdf [Back]
137. Consultative Committee for English-Speaking Minority Communities, Report to the Federal Minister of Health, Ottawa, July 2002. On-line: www.chssn.org/sante_canada/CCESMC%20report%20LR.pdf [Back]
138. The Web site for the Consortium national de formation en santé is www.cnfs.ca [Back]
139. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Official Languages in the Canadian Sports System, 2 volumes, Ottawa, 2000; and Follow-Up: Official Languages in the Canadian Sports System, Ottawa, 2003.[Back]
140. A. Breton (ed.), Economic Approaches to Language and Bilingualism, Ottawa, Canadian Heritage, (New Canadian Perspectives), 1998; A. Breton (ed.), Exploring the Economics of Language, Ottawa, Canadian Heritage, (New Canadian Perspectives), 1999.[Back]
141. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Cost Impact of Two-Language Packaging and Labelling on Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses in Canada, Special Study, Ottawa, February 1997.[Back]
142. J. F. Hamers and M. H. A. Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, 2nd, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2000; C. Baker, Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 3rd Edition, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, England, 2001; E. Bialystok, F. I. M. Craik, R. Klein, M. Viswanathan, “Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task,” Psychology and Aging, 2004, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 290–303.[Back]
143. D. Wolton, Penser la communication, Paris, Flammarion, 1997, p. 36.[Back]
144. Industry Canada, The Language Industry (brochure), Ottawa, May 2004.[Back]
145. The Web site for the Language Industry Association is www.ailia.ca [Back]
146. Association des gens de l’air du Québec v. Lang, [1978] 2 F.C. 371(C.A.).[Back]
147. See the overview prepared by the Standing Joint Committee on Official Languages: Canada, Air Canada: Good Intentions Are Not Enough! Report by the Standing Joint Committee on Official Languages, Ottawa, February 2002.[Back]
Errata - Annual Report 2004-2005
An error appears in Figure 5 on page 23 of the printed version of Volume I of the 2004–2005 Annual Report. The lines in the legend have been inverted.
An error appears in the second sentence in the sidebar on page 102 of Volume I of the 2004–2005 Annual Report. That sentence should read as follows: “The concept of the community health centre … took root in Ontario in 1989.”
